The Haemophilus influenzae type B or Hib , pneumococcal , and some meningococcal vaccines are made this way. Two meningococcal vaccines, which prevent one particular type of the bacterium type B not contained in the other meningococcal vaccines, are made using two or more proteins from the bacteria, not the bacterial polysaccharide.
Just like for inactivated viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines can be given to people with weakened immune systems, but often require several doses to induce adequate immunity. Using this strategy, the person who is vaccinated makes part of the virus.
Similar to vaccination strategies that inject parts of a virus directly, this strategy can be used when an immune response to one part of the virus is capable of protecting against disease.
These vaccines can be given to people who are immune-compromised but require two doses to be protective. Currently, no DNA vaccines are commercially available. This strategy is being used in so-called replication-deficient human or simian adenovirus vaccines. Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy. You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health.
You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel.
Contact Us Online. Weaken the virus Using this strategy, viruses are weakened so they reproduce very poorly once inside the body. Inactivate the virus Using this strategy, viruses are completely inactivated or killed with a chemical. There are two benefits to this approach: The vaccine cannot cause even a mild form of the disease that it prevents The vaccine can be given to people with weakened immune systems However, the limitation of this approach is that it typically requires several doses to achieve immunity.
Use part of the virus Using this strategy, just one part of the virus is removed and used as a vaccine. Use part of the bacteria Some bacteria cause disease by making a harmful protein called a toxin. Innovative techniques now drive vaccine research, with recombinant DNA technology and new delivery techniques leading scientists in new directions. Disease targets have expanded, and some vaccine research is beginning to focus on non-infectious conditions such as addiction and allergies.
More than the science behind vaccines, these timelines cover cultural aspects of vaccination as well, from the early harassment of smallpox variolators see the intimidation of a prominent minister described in the Boston Smallpox Epidemic entry to the establishment of vaccination mandates, to the effect of war and social unrest on vaccine-preventable diseases.
Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Maurice Hilleman, pioneers in vaccine development receive particular attention as well. This timeline category holds nearly all of the entries for the subject-specific timelines. A few of the entries have been left out in order to provide a broad overview. Caught: Measles Virus. This is how the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines are made.
The virus blueprint is changed by a technique called cell culture adaptation [adapting a virus to grow in specialized cells grown in the lab instead of the cells it normally grows in]. Because viruses can still, to some extent, make copies of themselves after cell culture adaptation and therefore are still alive , they are often referred to as live, attenuated or weakened viruses.
Vaccine virus is made by treating polio virus with the chemical formaldehyde. This treatment permanently destroys the polio genes so that the virus can no longer replicate. Use only a part of the virus or bacteria. This is how the Hib, hepatitis B, and in part pertussis vaccines are made. Some bacteria cause disease not by replicating but by manufacturing harmful proteins called toxins. For example, bacteria like diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis whooping cough all cause disease by producing toxins.
To make vaccines against these bacteria, toxins are purified and killed with chemicals such as formaldehyde.
Protective immunity lasts longer when boosters are given. Tetanus boosters, for example, are recommended every 10 years starting at age 10 or
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